Compares essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compares - Essay Example e actually grouped into three’s to dramatically focus on Jesus at the center, in a triumvirate melancholic position, appropriately manifesting the solemnity of the supper, in conjunction with the anticipated passion and suffering to come. The colors were actually matte and nothing glaring or domineering exists in the painting. Judas, the betrayer, was included with the twelve, so viewers who are familiar with Jesus life and story would strain to determine who among them would betray Jesus. Da Vinci’s Last Supper is more solemn, more remorse, despite the depicted movements of the disciples all seated with Jesus. There is balance in the whole painting, with Jesus at the center; there appears to be exactly four panels on the left and right walls of the room, and the three windows at the back diametrically positions Jesus at the center. When viewed together with Tintoretto’s own interpretation of The Last Supper, one’s own contention is that Da Vinci’s work is more sublime, formal, with a uniform structure in style manifesting balance and harmony in figures. Tintoretto’s depiction of the painting was more dramatic manifesting dynamic movements of the disciples, with predominantly more participants in terms of other observants, in addition to the 12 disciples. The latter’s paintings contain heavenly figures in the form of angels and Jesus, with halo, in radiant splendor, in complete contrast to the basically dark background. There appears no balance as there is more light on the left portion of the painting illuminating from Jesus’ halo, in stark contrast to the right dark side. Further, Judas, the betrayer, was positioned in the darkness to manifest the tragedy of his actions and be interpreted as being away from the light. There are similarities in Da Vinci’s and Tintoretto’s The Last Supper in terms of theme, subject, and context. Otherwise, all other elements contain disparities: in medium, in dimensions (Da Vinci’s painting was larger), in

Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay

Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay Carl Rogers an influential American psychologist, one of the many theorists although, arguable the most leading figure whom founded humanistic psychology and established the person centred approach (Charleson, 2011). The term person centred arose from the perceptions clients were and are treated as the reality (Colledge, 2002). Rogers view was that there are as many different realities as there are people within the world. Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of the psychoanalysis and the behaviourists view to counselling (McLeod, 2008) and the approach is as it claims to be person centred, thus meaning that the person centred counselling is the non directive approach of the counsellor. According to Wilkins (2010), the client directs the session as they themselves are said to be the expert on their experiences. Rogers also stated that for successful therapy to be achieved there were six necessary conditions, three of them Rogers termed as the core conditions that relate to the attitude of the counsellor and the modus operandi. The three core conditions are that the counsellor is empathetic, has unconditional positive regard for the client and congruence between the self and the organisms. I will discuss the three core conditions in more detail further on within my reflective piece of work. (reference) However, the theoretical assumption to person centred counselling started with the belief that both the counsellor and client are trustworthy (Colledge, 2002) and every individual have the innate potential to actualise. Rogers draw upon this term of actualising from Maslows hierarchy of needs, formulated his ideas of the person centred approach, and termed it the self-actualisation of a person, as previously mentioned Rogers believed that all individuals have the potential to self- actualise provided the right conditions are present (Mearns, Thorne, 2010). Another point which Colledge (2002) stated was that the foundation to Rogers theory of the frame of reference is subjective or perceptual, which leads me onto the next point regarding this skill of a counsellor. The frame of reference is a fundamental skill to counselling, which I believe means I feel what the client feels and experience what the client experiences and I perceive the situation as they perceive it. As I think of a clients frame of reference, I am reminded of a particular sentence that I would like to share, as I find it a mystical way to explain the meaning to the frame of reference for myself. It was a particular sentence within a Mearns and Thorne book (2000, p.55) that stated the possible depth to people and their way of being as an Invisible dance of communication between the therapist and the client. In a sense, this sentence could possibly describe one particular practice session that stands out within my mind. I was the counsellor with one of my peer members within our trios group, I felt completely within her moment, I was within her frame of reference, and we were in the invisible dance of communication described by Mearns and Thorne. However, I am aware that this could possibly be down to the fact that we have a relationship that is established, the words I was hearing were in context, and I do have more knowledge of her (Tolan, 2012) character and personality. She explained how she would approach a problem, and I visualized her actions, but unfortunately, I did not share my visualisation or voice this with her. In reflecting on this, I am not entirely sure what core conditions I could use to describe this other than being with her in the moment. Locus of evaluation could be either external or internal. The external locus of evaluation is described as, the thoughts and opinions of external people in the way they want you to live your life (Gladding, 2011) or alternatively through the conditions of worth that was placed on you from childhood. On the other hand, with the internal locus of evaluation, you live your life within your rules and in charge of your own thoughts and opinions. Time boundaries or time keeping are with no doubt the parameters or guidelines that govern a working relationship between the client and counsellor (Hough, 2010) and I realise that time keeping is essential and it is good practice when I am a trained counsellor or hope to be. If I cannot be reliable on my course, how can the clients rely upon me? I was reading the written work of Spurling (2004) when I came across a paragraph, which explains beautifully the importance of time boundaries and the process of counselling, This process is about change and the rate or pattern of change cannot be predicted in advance, as it is the outcome of the interchange between counsellor and client, and the unpredictability of the counselling therefore needs predictability in the structure of the setting in order to be sustained (Spurling, 2004, p.29). I understand this and realise the importance to the time boundaries within a counselling session and the ability to adhere to it. As mentioned previously there are three core conditions for successful therapy to be achieved which relate to the counsellors attitude. It is, without hesitation that a counsellor needs to have the core conditions that Carl Rogers outlines (Gladding, 2011) within his person centred model of the Counselling theory. These include Empathy, Congruence, and unconditional positive regard (UPR) towards the client. These core conditions I believe are necessary for counselling to be effective for the client and for client progression into a fully functioning person, that is, a person whom uses their ability to the fullest extent possible (Gladding, 2011). However, according to Gladding (2011), there are two levels of empathy. One is described primary empathy, the other is advanced empathy, and the two levels are defined differently. However, I will only be referring to the primary level of empathy within this piece of work, as I am only within the first semester of my degree. I do not believe I can or I am able to convey the advanced level of empathy at this stage, as I would only be able to demonstrate this advanced stage as I progress within the remaining years of my degree. Empathy as defined by Gladding (2011) is a counsellors ability to effectively, reflect back to the client their feelings, thoughts and to be within the clients frame of reference concerning the situation or point of view that the client may perceive as being current. Empathy one of the necessary and sufficient conditions for change (McMillian, 2004, p.53) with congruence and unconditional positive regard (UPR) or simply known as the acceptance of a clients position or point of view. The core conditions of the person centred approach will be addressed further on in my reflective essay within the person centred approach to counselling. It is my belief that we are encouraged to use primary empathetic responses by the skills of clarification, paraphrasing and reflecting the clients feelings back to them. Although as I began practicing the role of a counsellor, I felt that at times I was parroting words that my peers had said, reflecting back on these sessions, I now know that in some instances the words only hold part of the meaning and do not fully express the deeper feelings. I have realised this and I am endeavouring to try listening more vigilantly to the clients tone of voice or any hesitations, and to be aware of the clients body language as all these factors can convey a deeper meaning than words can. However, Gladding (2011) goes on further to define empathy or conveying empathy as being able to put myself in the clients situation with their perception and emotion but remaining objective, this definition from Gladding appears to be very similar to the core condition of UPR. I believe that in everyday life I am empathetic towards people and suspend my own personal judgement and opinions, which, in the person centred approach are highly important for any client to form a trusting relationship and encourages them to self-explore on a deeper level. This point is closely intertwined with Carl Rogerss core conditions of UPR and congruence. Unconditional positive regard is one of the core conditions I find quite easy to demonstrate within the practice session with my peers. This I believe is one of my qualities that I possess. I am not a person without defence barriers, behaviours, or reactions that can be perceived by others as inconsiderate and perhaps foolish at times. I am also able to accept that I make mistakes but I am not afraid to admit them, so I accept people, as I would like them to be acceptant of me. However, as much as I would like to believe that I am a non-judgemental person, there could quite possible be a time I am faced with a client or situation that I cannot accept. I am positive that the Personal development on the degree will help me to address my own fears and unresolved issue so my ability on offering the core condition of UPR is increased which enables my clients or prospective clients to achieve constructive change. According to Rogers, (1959, p.208) UPR seems effective in bringing about change within the client. It is my understanding that congruence is being truthful and honest, however, Rogers states in his six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change that the role of congruence must be within the therapist or integrated into the relationship. Rogers (1959) also linked congruence to the other core conditions of empathy and UPR, he stated that for therapy to occur within the therapeutic relationship the wholeness of counsellor needs to be primary, but part of congruence must be the experience of myself and the client would need to experience empathy, congruence, and UPR. As a counsellor, I believe it will be difficult for me not to ask questions on a regular basis. This weakness will be a target for me to achieve, and to only ask questions when appropriate, also as it is person centred counselling it is a practice of non directive approach to therapy and asking questions could possible direct the client. The client could also perceive some questions as being oppressive and insinuating that they should feel or think in a specific way, in other words, I could unintentionally impose more conditions of worth onto the client. The asking of questions I believe will be a challenge; however, I do understand, that questions may be asked of the client but only when it is appropriate to do so and to approach asking any questions in a thoughtful and non-judgemental way. Challenge Silence To conclude, Rogers person centred theory seems quite simple however, it appears to be difficult for me at this early stage to demonstrate certain core conditions within the practice sessions but I will endeavour to achieve and be the best that I can be. Although, I am quite comfortable with the theory and deep respect for Rogers theory, I am however looking forward to learning more about the different approaches to counselling, for example, cognitive behaviour and the gestalt approach. I am intrigued to find out how they differ and compare them to the person centred approach. Words 1868 / 2000

Last Of The Mohicans Essay -- essays research papers

The book begins in the middle of the French and Indian War in upper New York State near the Hudson River and Lake Chaplain. General Webb has just gotten word from an Indian that Moncalm and the French are going to attack Fort William Henry and that Colonel Munro will not be ale to keep the fort because he only has one thousand men and that he (Webb) needs to send reinforcements immediately. Upon hearing this, he ordered fifteen hundred men to be ready to march at dawn and has Cora and Alice Munro sent to their father at Fort William Henry accompanied by Major Duncan Heyward on horseback. They went along an Indian path which was to get them to Fort William Henry faster and they were lead by an Indian runner, from the time they left Fort Edward the two sisters were suspicious of their Indian Guide, Le Renard Subtil. A little while into their trip, they meet the singing master David Gamut who asked to accompany them to Fort William Henry. Not to far away in the same forest, were an Indian and a White man talking about their race’s existence in the "New World." The Indian was Chingachgook, the chief of the Mohicans, and the White man, Hawkeye; this was the name given to him by the Indians. They talk for a while and then decide to eat. Uncas kills them something for dinner and shortly after, The Party on it’s way to Fort William Henry runs into them along the path. They stop for a while and talk and then ask for directions to Fort William Henry. Hawkeye is suspicious of their guide and ask to see him to find out if he is an Iroquois, Hawkeye looks and discovers he is. Learning this, Duncan goes to keep their guide there so that Chingachgook and Uncas can do something about him. As Duncan was staling, Chingachgook and Uncas jumped out of the foliage and accidentally chased him away. They chase after him for a while and wound him but in the end, he is to fast for them and they return to Duncan and his party. Feeling that they were still not safe, Hawkeye offers to help them at no cost. They boarded Hawkeye’s canoe and they head for safety. Chingachgook and Uncas offered to lead the horses up stream to where the others were going by canoe. They go to and island at the foot of Glenn’s Falls for safety. Once everyone was one the island torches were lit and they went down into a cavern. At the break of dawn, the Iroquois began their attack. The attack laste... ...uois and when that time came, they went to rescue Cora. They find out that Cora has been hidden in a cave on the side of a mountain so that’s where they go. The Iroquois chief and two of his braves try to fight off Hawkeye, Duncan, and Uncas. The chief uses Cora as a shield. The chief then pulled out a knife and asked Cora if she wanted to die or be his wife. She didn’t answer so he killed her. Uncas froze in horror and the chief took this opportunity and killed him too. The chief then ran up the mountain. Hawkeye stopped and aimed his rifle at the murderer. Having gotten a good deal above Hawkeye and Heyward now the chief pushed a large rock down towards them from above and then attempted to jump to a ledge where he could not be reached. As he jumped, he fell short of his target and just managed to grab hold of a bush growing from the side of the mountain. Seeing this opportunity Hawkeye shot him and the chief fell to his death. There was a lot of mourning over Cor a’s and Uncas’ death and there were funerals for both of them. For many years afterward, Hawkeye and Chingachgook prowled the forest together and never forgot the ties of brotherhood that had taken root on Uncas’ grave.

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? Why? The two major causes of seat defects originate with KFS, relating to material flaws and missing parts. The seat bolster issue is a distant third. As KFS is the responsible party the situation needs to be addressed at their site. Using the traditional TMC first principle of ‘let’s go see it’ and then converge on the Five Why’s, Doug should visit KFS and inspect the manufacturing and QC process. By focusing on uncovering issues at the source of the seats, it is likely there will be fewer problems at the TMM plant. The focus on QC at KFS could potentially eliminate 113 of the 138 problems reported between 14-30 April, 1992. In the short term, address the immediate issue of the backlog by reconciling orders with KFS to ensure the backlog is cleared. This would require little resource and be a quick win. 2. What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? Simplifying the seats could reduce the problem since product proliferation appears to added complexity to KFS manufacturing process, though it’s unlikely that the designers will take this feedback as welcome given similar issues are not faced at the Japanese plant. Redesigning the seat or replacing easily broken parts could reduce breakage and installation issues, while training the staff to be more careful with installation, or the KFS staff with assembly, may also be an option. Replacing the supplier would be a high-risk option that would only be explored if the issues at KFS were so irreversible that TMM had no other choice. While all of these options may potentially address part of the issue, improving the QC process and then working backwards from there into the assembly and manufacture at KFS will ultimately have the greatest single impact on production efficiency. 3. Where, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System? One of the major underlying principles of TPS was building in quality on the line. The reporting of defects at the seat assembly point did not appear to be consistent and was only uncovered by interviewing team leaders on the factory floor. In addition, cars were reported as defective yet continued down the assembly line until completion, where they were taken off-line to wait for a replacement seat. Nowhere else on the line were cars removed due to defect: team leaders or production managers were responsible for resolving issues while still in the assembly line. The reasons for doing so appeared rational, since the car could be finished with a defective seat, seats needed to be ordered from KFS and stopping the line for such a lengthy period would have decreased productivity. One flaw in the process was that there were flaws that could be rectified in the Code 1 clinic. These flaws could have been dealt with while on the assembly line and thus reduced the burden in the clinic, while raising awareness of common defects and their source earlier in the process. The clinic did not appear to have the same reporting responsibilities as the assembly line since management were not aware of the main causes of the defects. 4. What is the real problem facing Doug Friesen? Process and feedback management problems at TMM and quality control management issues at KFS were the underlying reasons for the seat problems. Moreover, the ‘jidoka’ process had been bypassed in the seat installation process, exposing a potential weakness in the production line. Doug should implement an in-line attempt at fixing seat problems prior to the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Regular feedback from the clinic as well as the assembly line would improve information transparency and identify the source of defects for management at the earliest point in the process. Finally, the same processes should be adopted at KFS and QC strengthened considerably to avoid the delivery of defective seats as much as possible. Since this is a critical path to seat delivery, no seats should pass to TMM without a thorough QC test at KFS.

Can and Should Culture Be Managed Essay

Organizational culture is defined as collective behavior that consists of artifacts, exposed values and basic assumptions (Schein 1997). From this definition, three levels of organizational culture are derived. The first level is artifacts or tangible elements to the organization which comprises of the architecture, technology, products, furniture, style, dress code and language. It is recognizable when visibly observed but does not reflect the organizational culture. The second level is in the exposed values or beliefs that employees express in organization which includes the mission statement, customer service and loyalty. This behavior can be studied by using surveys and discussion to gather attitudes of the organizations’ members. The third level is the basic assumption which is the most important level as it shapes the organization’s view and decision making. The norms or the unspoken rule exists without the awareness of the members which cannot be observed or surveyed and therefore it is difficult to draw out this characteristic By understanding the definition of culture, there are two sides of the argument on whether the culture can be managed (mainstream perspective) and whether culture is something that an organization is that cannot be managed (critical alternative). (Brewis, J ch. 9). In the mainstream perspective it shows that the management is able to change its culture, which often referred to as cultural engineering (Jackson and Carter, 2000, p. 27-28) and a clear example is shown in the case study of British Airways, 1982-1996 (Brewis, J ch. 9 p349). The merged between British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA) caused a clash of culture and internal conflicts. The BOAC offers services for higher class passengers whereas BEA is for lower class passengers i. e. Tradesmen. Due to the clash of different classes of services, there is an internal conflict in the management culture which resulted disastrously and sales are declined.

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale The term returns to scale  refers to how well a business or company is producing its products. It tries to pinpoint increased production in relation to factors that contribute to production over a period of time. Most production functions include both labor and capital as factors. How can you tell if a function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or having no effect on returns to scale? The three definitions below explain what happens when you increase all production inputs by a multiplier. Multipliers For illustrative purposes, well call the multiplier m. Suppose our inputs are capital and labor, and we double each of these (m 2). We want to know if our output will more than double, less than double, or exactly double. This leads to the following definitions: Increasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by more than m.Constant Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by exactly m.Decreasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by less than m. The multiplier must always be positive and greater than one because our goal is to look at what happens when we increase production. An m of 1.1 indicates that weve increased our inputs by 0.10 or 10 percent. An m of 3 indicates that weve tripled the inputs. Three Examples of Economic Scale Now lets look at a few production functions and see if we have increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale. Some textbooks use Q for quantity in the production function, and others use Y for output. These differences dont change the analysis, so use whichever your professor requires. Q 2K 3L: To determine the returns to scale, we will begin by increasing both K and L by m. Then we will create a new production function Q’. We will compare Q’ to Q.Q’ 2(K*m) 3(L*m) 2*K*m 3*L*m m(2*K 3*L) m*QAfter factoring, we can replace (2*K 3*L) with Q, as we were given that from the start. Since Q’ m*Q we note that by increasing all of our inputs by the multiplier m weve increased production by exactly m. As a result, we have constant returns to scale.Q.5KL: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ .5(K*m)*(L*m) .5*K*L*m2 Q * m2Since m 1, then m2 m. Our new production has increased by more than m, so we have increasing returns to scale.QK0.3L0.2: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ (K*m)0.3(L*m)0.2 K0.3L0.2m0.5 Q* m0.5Because m 1, then m0.5 m, our new production has increased by less than m, so we have decreasing returns to scale. Although there are other ways to determine  whether a production function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or generating constant returns to scale, this way is the fastest and easiest. By using the m multiplier and simple algebra, we can quickly solve economic scale questions. Remember that even though people often think about returns to scale and economies of scale as interchangeable, they are different. Returns to scale only consider production efficiency, while economies of scale explicitly consider cost.

The Skills That Will Get You Hired in Administration [Infographic]

The Skills That Will Get You Hired in Administration [Infographic] Todays administration requires many skills.  If youre looking to get hired   in administration and one of its many fields, then here is some important information you need to know.Weve compiled an infographic detailing important skills that you need in order to be hired as a administrative professional.  Check it out below:

21 Unprofessional Habits That Will Keep You From Getting The Job

21 Unprofessional Habits That Will Keep You From Getting The Job We all have our bad habits. And the world of getting and holding down a job is hard enough without them seeping in to sabotage us. Here are 21 of the most unprofessional habits you should break to make sure your job-getting (or keeping) is never in jeopardy. 1. SloppinessDon’t let careless grammar or spelling mistakes affect your future. Proofread everything you do- from your resume to your performance review. You don’t want your  work thrown out before it’s even read!2. Lack of PreparationDo your homework, particularly for the job interview. Show you are self-starting enough to realize what preparation is appropriate and necessary to get the job done. Getting this right shows you understand the responsibilities involved in everything you sign up for.3. Trying too Hard to Get AttentionLet your resume stand out because of its content and your merits, not because of fancy formatting or fonts- or worse, colorful paper.4. Your Vices (Right Pre-Interview)Smoking and drinking may seem innocuous to you, but your interviewer (and your boss) will be able to smell both on you, and neither show you in a favorable light.5. Bad HygieneJust shower before every job interview. Just do. And probably also before every shift you work.6. LatenessLateness is a very bad habit in general, but before a job interview it can be a death knell. Plan to be 15 minutes early; the worst case scenario will leave you time to pee and check your appearance before walking in.7. TextingWhile you’re waiting for your interview (you’re early! good job!), do your best not to spend that extra time texting. This makes you look bored. Try a magazine instead- or a company brochure.8. Public GroomingGrooming is important, but keep it to the restroom. Don’t touch up your makeup or comb your hair- or worse, put on deodorant- in public or in the waiting room.9. OverpackingLeave your latte, your water bottle, your gym bag, and maybe even your telephone in your car. Wa lk in with your resume, your portfolio, and perhaps a briefcase, but nothing else.10. Overly Casual AttireDressing down is never a good idea. Dress for the job you want- not the one you have, or even the one you’re applying for. This can be tricky; the last thing you want to do is err too far on the side of formal, but do try to strike the balance (or risk looking unprofessional).11. Speaking Before You ThinkFrom the moment you walk in and introduce yourself to the receptionist, you need to be careful what you say. Every word out of your mouth in the interview process will be judged- and should be. Speak accordingly.12. InformalityThis doesn’t mean being super cordial and speaking like Shakespeare. But it does mean not leading with â€Å"Yo!† when your interviewer introduces herself.13. A Bad AttitudeAvoid arrogance, project self-confidence, and do not, whatever you do, bad mouth former employers, companies, or your former boss. Stay positive and get a positive reaction.14. TMIYou’re there to convince the company you’re the perfect person for that job. You want to give them a sense of who you are, but there is a line. Don’t cross it and veer too far into oversharing.15. ShynessHumility is great. And arrogance is awful. But do try your best to mask your shyness and timidity. You don’t want anyone thinking you’re too meek and won’t be able to contribute effectively to the team.16. CursingJust don’t. There is no place for swear words or foul language in the interview- or in the workplace.17. InterruptingWhatever you have to say can wait. Let your interviewer at least finish their sentence first before you speak.18. FibbingEven a little embellishing here and there is unwise. Chances are, your interviewer will look into your background and you will get caught. That’s the job lost. Stick to the facts, but present them at their best.19. Bad Body LanguageIt’s important to say the right thing, but even if you do, you could still derail the proceedings with hostile, bored, or shifty body language. Don’t forget what your hands, head, and legs are doing while you’re speaking.20. OvereagernessNo matter how much you want the job- and it is important to convey that- do your best not to appear too eager. I.e., don’t ask â€Å"So did I get the job?† or â€Å"Did I do okay?†21. Lack of GraciousnessFollow up. Write a thank you note immediately after your interview– handwritten if possible. Even if you don’t think it went well, it’s important to be gracious and say thank you like a grown up.

Civil Rights Sermon Is Mislaid but Not Forgotten Essay

Civil Rights Sermon Is Mislaid but Not Forgotten - Essay Example Many of the accomplished white elites and clergy in those times were resorting to distorted interpretations of the sacred text to justify racism and prejudice. It was amidst these trying times that Bishop Clay F Lee delivered a sermon that boldly criticized and challenged the bigotry he witnessed. Bishop Lee’s act of coming heavily on racial intolerance was indeed really courageous and bold, considering the times and place amidst which he delivered this sermon. There is no denying the fact that during times when intolerance and prejudice command social recognition and support, it is possible even for the most well intentioned people to get swayed in favor of the majority opinion. However, it is the duty of religious leadership in such times to not to give in to popular opinion and sentiments and to uphold the voice of sanity and love. The primary duty of the religious teachers is to lead the people from darkness towards light, irrespective of the opposition and intimidation they are to contend with, as was rightly done by Bishop Clay F

Proposing the Puchase of a Mac Book Pro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposing the Puchase of a Mac Book Pro - Essay Example Mac on the other hand is known to be pricey however the price would be right based from the claims of the reputable company. The Mac is said to have a long, productive life because its engineers and designers spend much time to make sure that every unit is made to perfection, considering every detail from the outside to the inside. To prove this, Apple does not only describe its productivity but also features its software that allows multiple tasks at the same time where speed in retrieving files is greatly considered. In addition, there are other functions the computer can do at a high quality performance like editing pictures, enhanced movie experience, playing musical instruments and many others (apple.com). Furthermore, the Mac claims a fully integrated system because the hardware and software are produced by the same company, making everything work perfectly for the best possible performance (apple.com). These features of the Mac make it the best brand for the organization to bu y, for the best exchange of the amount of money invested on such a machine therefore, the next step would be to look further to the models offered by the company. The Apple Pro Mac, Apple iMac and Mac Book Pro will be well considered for the best purchase to be proposed for the organization. The Apple Pro Mac has two 64 bit 2.66 Gigahertz (GHz) dual core intel Xeon processors which is a great advantage over the iMac because this ensures a fast speed for the functions performed in the computer. The Apple Mac on the other hand has a core 2 duo processor which has a speed of 2.4 GHz only thus, will be slower compared to the first computer. In addition, the two computers have a Random Access Memory (RAM) of 1 Gigabyte (GB) but the Apple Mac’s is expandable to 16GB therefore, the latter is able to save more data as opposed to the iMac. The Apple Mac is far better featuring two firewire 800 ports and two firewire 400 ports against iMac’s only one of each port, enabling acces s to more devices connected to the computer where the speed is still fast despite the various connections. There are also five Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports in the Apple Mac which also allow more devices to be inserted as compared to the three USB ports of the iMac. The two models have the same operating system (OS) considered one of the most advanced, the Leopard, containing core operating system components with improved functions in managing files. Apple Pro Mac has more advantages that have are not featured in iMac like a 250 Gigabytes hard drive which is essential in storing data and other important materials like songs, videos and pictures. There is also a 16x superdrive in the aforementioned model which is an additional storage drive that enables the computer to hold several information, allowing it to store data gathered in a longer period of time as compared to the iMac (Wetzel 2008). The Mac Book Pro on the other hand is a notebook which gives the advantage to the organi zation for easier transport of the machine in case there will be outside activities like concerts, camps or seminars. The

Reflection paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection paper - Article Example The documentary also identifies the marketing effects of politics, it discusses how the politicians utilize the marketing perspectives to be elected and stay in their offices. Information in the documentary is presented in a manner that indicates all the aspects of marketing. Douglass Rushcoff , the correspondent is unbiased on the factors he attributes on marketing. He talks of issues that concern the relation between marketers and consumers. He also mentions that consumers tend to be trapped in marketing and they are usually confused by the diversity in advertisement. The film indicates that the type of advertisement that has occupied the marketing world and how they are convincing to individuals. The aspect of marketing in politics is legit and common in various parts of the world. Politicians have been note to manipulate the image they want the society to view so that they can secure their offices and maintain their

Accounting as the Production of Financial Data in an Organization Essay

Accounting as the Production of Financial Data in an Organization - Essay Example This paper describes such authoritative sources required in the field of accounting. Among the four source genres, professional associations or credentialing associations often stand out as the most credible and authoritative sources of information on accountancy. This comes as a result of these associations offering membership to several professionals in the accounting field. In addition, these associations set the professional and ethical standards required of all the individuals in the field of accountancy. Professionals associations involve themselves in enlightening members through seminars, conferences and workshops. Moreover, many of these associations produce publications such as scholarly journals and periodicals made available to members of the association and to the general public. Therefore it becomes evident that even though all genres serve as credible sources of information on accounting, professional associations stand out more. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is a professional association of Certified Public Accountants. This association stands out as an authoritative source of information on accounting due to various reasons. First, AICPA’s history runs back many years to its founding year in 1887. Therefore, its existence spans 125 years (AICPA website). Having existed for such a long period of time makes the association credible since a record of the association’s activity for all those years prove its authority over other associations whose lifespan is shorter. AIPCA boasts its large membership of around 386,000 Certified Public Accountants. The body gets acclamation as an international body since members of the association consist of individuals from 128 countries around the world. In addition, the members of the association are associates in a  variety of disciplines, among them student affiliates, education, government, public practice, and international associates. This proves that AICPA hosts a very diverse group of associates.  

A 2,500 3,000 word individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A 2,500 3,000 word individual report - Essay Example Finally, we look into how we can implement Performance Management to improve the company to better achieving its long term goals. The purpose of this section is to define Performance Appraisal and Performance Management, as well as to distinguish between the two. Both Performance Appraisal and Performance Management lead to increase in organisational productivity (Thomson 2003). Performance Appraisal is one of the tools used for implementing Performance Management. Performance Appraisal is the process of setting job standards, measuring and evaluating employee performance, and giving relevant feedback to the employees (Thomson 2003). Performance appraisals are an important part of performance management, particularly in the Feedback Stage of Performance Management (Farrington 2007). Currently, our company is relying on Performance Appraisal in order to improve employee performance. However, Performance Appraisal is not enough to maximize and maintain good employee performance for the following reasons. Performance Appraisal, when used alone, is demotivating, it takes a lot of time to implement and get results back, it creates a legal liability, and it flies in the face of team rewards and accountability (Brull 1997). Furthermore, Cook discusses that the focus of Performance Appraisal is too much on the individual, instead of developing the employee. Appraisal is inconsistent and only useful in the extremes of performance (1993). In itself, it is therefore not enough to maximize organisational productivity. This section defines Performance Management, its two foci which are development and reward driven, and details the process of performance management. This section then explains how and why Performance Management improves organisational productivity. Performance Management is the process used by managers to enable the employees to perform effectively and efficiently

Production of computers of various brands Essay

Production of computers of various brands - Essay Example Relevance to lifestyle of customer –the brands to be produced by Global Ventures Plc will be relevant to the lifestyle of various customers .there will be computers specifically designed and with can only be afforded for high class groups, middle class, low class and research purposes. Therefore various demands of the customers will be made thereby ensuring customers satisfaction. Economies of scale Unprocessed raw materials required in the production of computers are cheap and readily available from within the local markets and several foreign countries. In addition, the component parts required, major equipments, accessory equipments are less expensive and are readily available. Furthermore there is available specialized labor and efficient machinery which will reduce marginal costs when the capacity of productivity will increase. Competition Although the company does not have enough to tremendously expand production within a short time, there will be less competition for th e products that the company will produce. This is because the computer we intend to develop will have unique characters and quality of which none of our potential competitor has. Therefore because of uniqueness of our product there will be less competition even though the company will not utilize the whole market as it’s expected because the capital it has cannot allow for such quick expansion. Â  Consumable Computers have a recurring sales value and therefore they will needs to be replaced when they develop functional problems or spare parts have to be bought to replace the parts that have become non-functional. This therefore will establish a long term sales and a customer base with same products. Customers would therefore come back again and again to buy more as they use up what... From this paper it is clear that South Korea has a higher Gross Domestic Product and higher purchasing power with high potential for future economic growth that is vital to the growth and development of our company. Mass market south Korea will provide market to the computers and other accessories manufactured in bulk by our company while niche market will provide market to the products and services provided by the company which target specific market needs, as well as production quality, price range, and the demographics. In addition South Korea has a high number of government contracts and big corporate orders. This will further expand our market share for our products and also improve company sales and thereby increasing the profit accrued. Because of well developed infrastructure in South Korea, there is great ease with which our company will develop mass retail outlets and this will ensure easier accessibility to our products by customers hence increase in sale recorded. Proximi ty of ports (air and sea) in South Korea will reduce transport costs and also it will ensure easier export of the product to the market through the air and sea routes. In addition, the socio-cultural practices in South Korea have a less influence on consumers. Contractual procedures are friendly to attract investors. Since our products are at the beginning of the product lifecycle, their demand in south Korea would be less sensitive to recession because there will be no substitutes with the same qualities and usability.

A 2,500 3,000 word individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A 2,500 3,000 word individual report - Essay Example Finally, we look into how we can implement Performance Management to improve the company to better achieving its long term goals. The purpose of this section is to define Performance Appraisal and Performance Management, as well as to distinguish between the two. Both Performance Appraisal and Performance Management lead to increase in organisational productivity (Thomson 2003). Performance Appraisal is one of the tools used for implementing Performance Management. Performance Appraisal is the process of setting job standards, measuring and evaluating employee performance, and giving relevant feedback to the employees (Thomson 2003). Performance appraisals are an important part of performance management, particularly in the Feedback Stage of Performance Management (Farrington 2007). Currently, our company is relying on Performance Appraisal in order to improve employee performance. However, Performance Appraisal is not enough to maximize and maintain good employee performance for the following reasons. Performance Appraisal, when used alone, is demotivating, it takes a lot of time to implement and get results back, it creates a legal liability, and it flies in the face of team rewards and accountability (Brull 1997). Furthermore, Cook discusses that the focus of Performance Appraisal is too much on the individual, instead of developing the employee. Appraisal is inconsistent and only useful in the extremes of performance (1993). In itself, it is therefore not enough to maximize organisational productivity. This section defines Performance Management, its two foci which are development and reward driven, and details the process of performance management. This section then explains how and why Performance Management improves organisational productivity. Performance Management is the process used by managers to enable the employees to perform effectively and efficiently

Cross cultural awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Cross cultural awareness - Essay Example This clearly states the increasing importance of globalization in the present era. With the increase in globalization, firms are employing people from diverse backgrounds and cultures. This is where the problems of cultural stereotyping arise. There is a need for firms to train the employees in the International Human Resource Management processes. IHRM involves the study of how the HR processes (Recruitment, induction, compensation, performance management, etc) are conditioned by the political, legal, economic environments and the labor practices of the countries in which their firm has subsidiaries. The cultural adaption training given to the employees is known as acculturization. In America, autonomy is given a lot of importance whereas in countries like India, most organizations have a very bureaucratic culture. Also, in America, people are risk taking and welcome uncertainty hands on. Whereas it is the complete contrast in countries like Japan where people fear taking risks (Patricia Ann Mehegan 2006). Thus, global management is all about recognizing these cultural differences, acknowledging them and adapting to them. The global firms nowadays require managers who are well trained to adapt to the cultural difference when they go as expats in other countires. Cross cultural understanding need to be a part of employee’s learning if he wants to excel in his career. The commonly held beliefs or opinions about certain individuals, cultures or communities are known as stereotypes (Richard A. Nitsche 1977). Stereotypes are basically our perceptions of something, the image we draw in our heads of a particular person or thing. These stereotypes are based on previous assumptions, which are not always verified. People stereotype a community into two categories: the in-groups and the out groups. In-groups are the group people see in a positive light and

Preparedness And Response Cyclone Nargis Health And Social Care Essay

Preparedness And Response Cyclone Nargis Health And Social Care Essay Background: The community awareness, preparedness and response to public health emergencies are essential for successful response to public health emergencies and the study is carried out to determine the community awareness and perception on health sector preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis which is the worst natural disaster in history of Myanmar. Methods: Total of 6 focus group discussions are carried out in 3 villages which are severely affected by Cyclone Nargis. Manual thematic content analysis is done to determine the community perception by qualitatively. Results: Majority of the participants knew the warning for the cyclone but they are unaware on what the intensity and where to make landfall of cyclone. There are some gaps on preparedness due to lack of experience to previous cyclone and weakness in knowledge for how to prepare for cyclone. There is some training and education on public health emergencies management before the cyclone but the application and coverage of the training and education were not enough to make adequate preparedness by community. Almost all of the participants get some kinds of health services and relieve items by health sector with majority of them are positive attitudes towards health services given to them. However, most of the participants mentioned that they are not interested in health education given to them. Except for a few participants, they know how to prepare for future cyclone and the knowledge should be maintained. Conclusion: Based on the results, there was some weakness in community level awareness on how to prepare and response to cyclone before the Cyclone Nargis. However, community awareness is significantly improved after Cyclone Nargis but health sector should make sure to sustain the awareness for optimal preparedness and response to public health emergencies. Background Major emergencies, disasters and crises are approximately 450 to 800 major emergencies per year and are affecting social, economic of the community and public [1, 2]. Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Myanmar on 2 and 3 May, 2008 and moved inland through Ayeyarwady Delta causing many deaths, destroying infrastructure, affecting on economic and social activities. It was the most devastating natural disaster in history of Myanmar and the most deadly cyclone in Asia since 1991 [3]. Although many emergencies are often unpredictable, but the impact of disaster can prevent and mitigate by strengthening the response capacity of nations and communities at risk [2]. Community level preparedness is also important because people at community level are first responder to emergencies and disaster [4]. It is also recommended that humanitarian action and health services in emergencies and disasters must respect for the culture and health perceptions of the affected communities [5]. Mortality due t o the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was concentrated in the first few days of the disaster [6] and community preparedness is essential for prevent unnecessary death. Focus group discussion is useful to assess the perception of disaster preparedness program and their attitude on disasters and emergencies [7]. The study done by Nozawa M also revealed that the awareness and behavior of the community are essential for following with evacuations advice [8]. By focus group discussion, it can also identify the socioeconomic and behaviors factors related to disaster preparedness and response and it is useful for disaster management in the specific area [9, 10]. It is also advisable that obtaining feedback from community about their perception on relief operations is essential for future planning and response to disaster [11]. By finding out the community perception on preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis, the results will be useful for the future public health emergency preparedness and response in Myanmar. Materials and Methods Study design Cross sectional study design with qualitative method (focus group discussion) is used for determination on perception of community awareness on preparedness and response by health sector to Cyclone Nargis. Study population The study population is selected from Ngapudaw, Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Mawlamyinegyun, kungyangon townships which experienced high mortality due to Cyclone Nargis. The study is carried out in 3 villages, namely amar village and kyan-ka-dune village in pyapone township and mangalake village in kynechangone township which is severely affected by Cyclone Nargis. In each village two focus group discussions, one for community members and one for government personnel and community leaders, are carried out. Each focus group of between 6 to 9 women and men are selected according to criteria such as adult men and women with age above 18 years old and at least one third are women; one group compose of government service personnel such as health, education, agriculture, police and community leader and another group compose of ordinary community members. Survey instruments The questionnaires such as information, warning, education and training, public health services and curative health services given to the community by health sector prior to and after Cyclone Nargis are prepared for assessment of community perception on preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis by health sector. The focus group discussions are recorded by tape and notes and the discussion time range from 65 to 95 minutes. Sampling methods Multistage sampling methods are used for selection of 3 sites for focus group discussion to assess the community awareness about emergency preparedness and response. Two townships are selected by simple random sampling methods among Ngapudaw, Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Mawlamyinegyun and Kungyankone townships which suffered the high mortality during Cyclone Nargis. Finally, one or two villages from each township are selected by simple random sampling methods. The participants for community members are choose from different occupations, education levels and different sections of village by purposive sampling. Data collection and analysis The ethical approvals from Ministry of Health, Myanmar and Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University are already getting prior to carry out the focus group discussion. The focus group discussion is carried out in April 2010. Two facilitators and two note takers are used to carry out the focus group discussion. The data from focus group discussion is coded by two persons to summarize the answers from participants on information, preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis by health sectors. Agreement between the two coders is determined and if agreement is good, manual thematic content analysis is used to analyze by qualitatively to find out their experiences on information, warning, education and training, public health services and curative health services given to the community by health sector prior to and after Cyclone Nargis. Characteristics of participants The total of 22 community members is involved in 3 community members groups. The youngest is 18 years old and the oldest is 58 years old with mean age is 34.4 years in this group. Most of the community members are farmers and others are students, merchants, fishermen, manual labors, and dependents. There are 20 participants in government personnel, community leaders and NGOs member with 7 health personnel, 5 community leaders, 5 NGOs members and 3 from other government departments. The youngest in this group is 24 years old and the oldest participant is 67 years old with mean age is 41.1 years. Information related to Cyclone Nargis Most of the participants in community members groups knew the news of warning and there were some of the participants who still didnt hear the information. Many of the participants who knew the warning said announcement was made in frequent interval from radio and television. However, they noticed the warning only in short time before the storm made land fall on their area. Majority of the participants were not aware of the intensity and where to hit the Cyclone Nargis. I knew from the television and warning was announced after every song. However, I didnt even realize the cyclone was coming to my village and only knew the warning 2-3 hours ahead. (19 years old student) Almost all of the participants in the government personnel and community members noticed the information of the storm. But some of them still didnt notice areas which were hit by Cyclone and they didnt relay information to the villagers. As a village leader, I didnt relay the warning to villagers. Most of them (villagers) knew and they didnt expect this intensity. (42 years old village leader) For the source of warning, most of the villagers received Nargis warning from mass media such as radio and television. Most of the villagers knew from radio and they didnt do anything. Because of lack of electricity in my village, we relied on radio for information.(37 years old woman) Generally, the villagers knew the Cyclone Nargis information from mass media but they lack the knowledge on interpretation of the warning. The villagers noticed the warning in short time which is not enough to make adequate preparedness for the Cyclone. Perception and preparedness on Cyclone Nargis Majority of participants mention they didnt have almost none of preparedness due to lack of previous experience on how to response to cyclone. There were also due to gaps in knowledge on Cyclone Nargis heading to their area. A few mentioned on religious believe (KARMA) for doing nothing. Every human being has the birth and death as religious believe and I didnt prepare anything. (53 years old woman) I didnt have any preparedness because I have never experienced like this before. The warning didnt include how to prepare and it didnt disturb my meal. (39 years old women) They left their home after cyclone damaged their home and went to religious and public buildings for shelter. My house destroyed by Cyclone at 10pm, my family went to village monastery. Every villager went to monastery because it was situated in high ground and quite strong. Our village was quite fortunate with a few deaths to take shelter in monastery but in Laut-me village some causalities occurred. (23 years old woman) One participant from government personnel and community leaders mentioned stimulation exercises in his area after the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2005 but villagers were not interested. Tsunami drill was carried out in my village at national level through division and townships after tsunami in 2005. Unfortunately, the villagers were not interested. (53 years old health staff) Overall, the villagers didnt know how to prepare for Cyclone due to lack of interest and weakness in education or training on Cyclone preparedness before Nargis. Training on disaster preparedness and response before Cyclone Nargis Majority of the participants pointed that there was some gaps or weakness of training on disaster preparedness and response in their area one year before Cyclone Nargis. One health personnel mentioned the receiving training for disaster management in undergraduate program before Nargis but she wasnt familiar with how to apply in public health emergency situations. In health assistance training program, the topic (disaster management) was included. I didnt relay the education on the villagers because they were not interested. (30 years old health staff) Some participants said the disaster preparedness topic was involved in basic education curriculum for school children but parents were not interested. Health services after cyclone Nargis All the villages from which the participants resided received some kinds of health services after Cyclone Nargis and on the other hand, the arriving of medical teams to their villages ranged from 2 days to 2 weeks. They took treatments from medical teams if they had the health problems and there were few complaints of inexperienced medical teams. Medical teams included both experienced and inexperienced teams. It is better to come by experienced medical teams. (35 years old farmer) Almost all of the participants received some relieve materials such as water and sanitation items, bed nets and medicines from health sector but difference in receiving relieve items among villages were mentioned by some villagers. First medical team arrived in 10 days after Cyclone and villagers seek treatment from the team. They distributed water purification tablets but the villagers didnt know how to use and the smell was quite strong. (43 years old man) Most of the villagers mentioned the success in sanitary latrine construction but the others said it was not successful in their villages due to the facts that the poor villagers could not construct sanitary latrine by supplying of only latrine pans. constructed the sanitary latrines for free and there was almost no sanitary latrine at the villages before Nargis. The villagers constructed them because the organization provide not only latrine pan, but also give construction cost. (45 years old farmer) Few villagers mentioned the lack of psychosocial health care and dead bodies clearance in their villages. Majority said they only went to health education if they were given some incentives such as relieving items. Health education on communicable diseases were present, most of the villagers did not join because they were busy and not settled. (24 years old woman) The health personnel also pointed out that the villagers were seeking treatments from medical teams that resulted in success of immunization program and others. However, they mentioned the lack of interest on health education by villagers. Generally, the villagers took health services given by health sectors if required but not interested in health education. Attitudes towards health care after Cyclone Nargis Almost all villagers said they were satisfied with health care provided but they preferred those who paid them all expenses including referral expenses. They also preferred the station medical teams to mobile teams due to availability of health services all the times. We were satisfied with all medical teams, they gave enough drugs. The diseases were also cured and villagers sought treatment. But, we preferred onsite team for seeking treatment in time of need. (19 years old woman) Most of the participants are positive attitudes towards relive items provided by health sector and community leaders also pointed out the villagers were satisfied with receiving relieve items because they are poor. We preferred organizations () for giving both treatments and relieve items. Most of the villagers were satisfied if the team gave relieve items. (42 years old village leader) Health personnel mentioned coordination between NGOs and township health department was good and some complaint of inappropriate or more than enough supply of items was provided to them. Township arranged the coordination meetings and there was no overlapping of medical teams in one area. But, some of items arrived in more than enough quantity such as malaria drugs, B1 tablets and surgical instruments. Our township was not malaria prevalent. (53 years old health staff) Majority of villagers mentioned lack of interest in health education because they were busy with their work. The health personnel also mentioned the success of some health programs such as immunization after Cyclone Nargis but stressed on lack of interest on health educations by villagers. Villagers came to health education if only given relieve items because they were poor and quite negative attitudes towards health education. (34 years old health staff) Generally, villagers had positive attitudes towards the medical teams and relived items given by medical teams. On the other hands, they didnt want to participate in health education due to several reasons. Common diseases and illness after cyclone Nargis The villagers pointed out that pneumonia, ARI, diarrhea diseases, injuries and mental health problems were common health problems in their area immediately and within 6 months after Cyclone Nargis. Health personnel also agreed with the common health problems mentioned by villagers. The health personnel also reported that there was no outbreak of communicable diseases within 6 months after Cyclone. The villagers suffered diarrhea, common cold, pneumonia especially in children, abdominal pain. Some suffered the injuries due to Nargis. We got enough drugs with no costs. (25 years old fisherman) Generally, the health problems mention by villagers was compatible with common diseases reported by health management information systems/INGOs after Cyclone (11). How to prepare for future Cyclone The villagers, community leaders and government personnel stressed the importance of construction of cyclone shelter and disaster resistance building, presence of life jacket, drinking water and food as preparedness for Cyclone. They also desired to store drugs, tents and water and sanitation items in health centers because of roads blockage after Cyclone. They would like to get advanced warning on Cyclone and carry out of drill and training on disasters. There are also a few villagers, who dont want to make any preparedness due to belief on KARMA (religious belief). Life jackets should be distributed to villagers and villagers should prepare for water containers and water because the ponds could not be used after Cyclone because of entrance of seawater. (47 years old woman) As a hospital, we should predisposition of essential drugs, water and sanitation items, and temporary tents for patients because the hospital can be destroy by Cyclone. Drill should be carried out as preparation for disaster. (53 years old health staff) Overall, the participants had awareness on how to prepare and response to future Cyclone and this knowledge should be sustained. Discussion Data from the study revealed that some villagers and community members will not be familiar with the weather warnings and there should be strengthening of education programs for community on familiar with weather warnings. Weather warnings should include how to prepare and response for Cyclone. Warnings should also be through village leaders because of unawareness the warning from mass media by some villagers. Education on common disasters term such as intensity of hurricane can increase the community knowledge about hazards risks [13]. It is also recommended that the warning should be advanced for enough time on evacuation and preparedness by community and should include how to prepare and response. The communities are first responder to emergencies and there is also advisable that strengthening of community based training on how to prepare and response to disaster [4]. The villagers will take shelter in public places and religious building in emergency situation and public and reli gious buildings should be disaster resistant. World Health Organization also recommended that construction of disaster resistant health facilities as safe hospital initiatives [14, 15]. Sometimes, it may take 48 to 72 hours to take outside medical teams to reach the disaster affected area [16] and community search and rescue team with predispositions of medicines and equipments should be strengthened at township levels based on need assessment for immediate response before the outside medical team arrived [14]. Topics on health sector disaster management should be strengthening in training of basic health staffs because basic health staffs are giving the essential health care at community level. Without proper coordination among different stakeholders, response to public health emergencies/disasters may have negative impact [17]. Good coordination for medical services between stakeholders in response to Cyclone Nargis should be maintained for future public health emergency response. The relief operation should consider the local context affected by disaster and sometime the relief operation fails to consider the local beliefs and contexts [5]. The most of the focus group participants are positive attitudes towards health services given to them but also consider the voices of concern from a few participants especially the vulnerable population in future public health emergency response [13, 18]. It is also recommended that distribution of drugs and medical equipments should be based on requirements at community level. Sustainability of community awareness is also important for public health emergencies management and health sector should also consider how to make attractive for health education given to disaster affected population [19]. In addition, Ricon et al revealed that previous exposure to hurricane may not have affect on better preparedness to future hurricane in United States [20]. Cyclone shelters should be constructed in big villages situated in stor m surge area because disaster resistance buildings reduce the risk of disasters [17]. Drill is the best practice for testing of public health emergencies preparedness and drill involving community should be done at least yearly for readiness for preparedness [4]. Limitations There are also limitations about the study. Firstly, study population will not reflect the perception of the whole population due to small sample size. Secondly, information bias may likely to come out because the study is carried out two years after the events. Conclusion There is some weakness in community awareness, preparation and response to Cyclone Nargis. Community level planning, awareness, preparedness and response are essential for prevention and response to public health emergency. It is found that community awareness is significantly improved after Cyclone Nargis and health sector must sustain the community level awareness because of the low frequency and high impact nature of major disasters. Competing interests The authors declare that there have no competing interests. Authors contributions NWM, JK, PS were involved in the conceptualization and design of the study. NWM prepared research instruments and other study logistics, collected data in Myanmar. KWT assisted in study management and data support in Myanmar. KC, PS, AKM, PP provided conceptual framework and technical support for the study. NWM and JK performed analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Myanmar Ministry of Health for permission to carry out the study. We give special thanks to Pyapone District Health Department and Kungyankone Township Health Department and the participants for focus group discussions to take part in study. Thank you DAAD and SEAMEO-TROMED for their partially support in research grant.

Things Fall Apart - Oronoko :: Essays Papers

Things Fall Apartoronoko He had learn?d to take Tobaco; and when he was assured he should dye, he desir?d they give him a pipe in his mouth, ready lighted, which they did; and the executioner came, and first cut off his members and threw them into the fire; after that, with an ill favoured knife, they cut his ears and his nose, and burn?d them; he still smoak?d on, as if nothing had touched him; then they hacked off one of his arms, and still he bore up, and held his pipe; but at the cutting of his other arm, his head sunk, and his pipe drop?d; and he gave up the ghost, without a groan, or a reproach. My mother and sister were by him all the while, but not suffer?d to save him; so rude and wild were the Rabble, and so inhumane were the justices, who stood by to see the execution, who after paid dearly for their Insolence. They cut Caesar in Quarters, and sent them to several of the chief plantations: One Quarter was sent to Colonel Martin, who refused it; and swore he had rather see the quarters of Banister, and the Governor himself, than those of Caesar, on his Plantations; and that he cou?d govern the Negroes without terrifying and grieving that them with the frightful spectacle of a mangl?d King.? (p. 99-100) This is the second to last paragraph in the book, where Oroonoko is being decapitated. The executioner, Oroonoko and all the towns? people, who were looking on, were involved. The child of someone who was watching on was telling the story of Oroonoko?s death. The characters involved do not really agree with eachother. Some were in favor of the death of Oroonoko and some were greatly opposed. Most of the white people that were looking on, supported the decision that Oroonoko should die. We are hearing from the narrator at this time and I don?t think they are very skeptical at all. The way the story is told gives Oroonoko much bravery and compassion. There are no similes or metaphors in this particular passage. The only words that are repeated are the names of Caesar and plantations. This may suggest that this is an important person and an important place. The only historical events that I can think of would be Jesus or Napoleon. Both of these two figures, not relating to eachother, made such a bold statement for their day. Things Fall Apart - Oronoko :: Essays Papers Things Fall Apartoronoko He had learn?d to take Tobaco; and when he was assured he should dye, he desir?d they give him a pipe in his mouth, ready lighted, which they did; and the executioner came, and first cut off his members and threw them into the fire; after that, with an ill favoured knife, they cut his ears and his nose, and burn?d them; he still smoak?d on, as if nothing had touched him; then they hacked off one of his arms, and still he bore up, and held his pipe; but at the cutting of his other arm, his head sunk, and his pipe drop?d; and he gave up the ghost, without a groan, or a reproach. My mother and sister were by him all the while, but not suffer?d to save him; so rude and wild were the Rabble, and so inhumane were the justices, who stood by to see the execution, who after paid dearly for their Insolence. They cut Caesar in Quarters, and sent them to several of the chief plantations: One Quarter was sent to Colonel Martin, who refused it; and swore he had rather see the quarters of Banister, and the Governor himself, than those of Caesar, on his Plantations; and that he cou?d govern the Negroes without terrifying and grieving that them with the frightful spectacle of a mangl?d King.? (p. 99-100) This is the second to last paragraph in the book, where Oroonoko is being decapitated. The executioner, Oroonoko and all the towns? people, who were looking on, were involved. The child of someone who was watching on was telling the story of Oroonoko?s death. The characters involved do not really agree with eachother. Some were in favor of the death of Oroonoko and some were greatly opposed. Most of the white people that were looking on, supported the decision that Oroonoko should die. We are hearing from the narrator at this time and I don?t think they are very skeptical at all. The way the story is told gives Oroonoko much bravery and compassion. There are no similes or metaphors in this particular passage. The only words that are repeated are the names of Caesar and plantations. This may suggest that this is an important person and an important place. The only historical events that I can think of would be Jesus or Napoleon. Both of these two figures, not relating to eachother, made such a bold statement for their day.

Male and female gender constructs Essay -- Egalitarianism, Gender Diff

Our cultural beliefs dictate that there are only two biological sexes corresponding to two genders (Newman, 2001). The male and female constructs often carry with them misconceptions and stereotypes, such as the belief that gender and sex are synonymous or that gender assigned at birth indicates a specific preference for toys, interest, clothes, and eventual erotic attraction (Newman, 2001). Males are expected to exhibit masculine personality traits and be attracted to women while females are expected to exhibit feminine personality traits and be attracted to men. Research in many countries reveals that stereotyping of personality traits increases steadily in middle adolescence, becoming adult like around age 11 (Berk, 2010). For example, children regard â€Å"tough†, â€Å"aggressive†, â€Å"rational†, and â€Å"dominant† as masculine and â€Å"gentle†, â€Å"sympathetic’, and â€Å"dependent† as feminine (Berk, 2011). Male and femal e gender constructs are considered the norm, and any other combination of biological sex, gender, and sexuality is commonly considered unnatural or pathological (Mintz, & O’ Neil, 1990; Newman, 2002). Despite cultural beliefs, other gender and sexual role combinations are possible. A child whose biological sex is that of a typical female can have a gender identity of a boy and as an adult, this person may self-identify as transgender or transsexual and live as a man Newman, 2001(). On the other hand, a biological male can have a gender identity of a boy/man, be attracted to other men, and identify as gay (Newman, 2001). It is not necessary for people who feel attracted to others of the same gender to express any gender nonconformity (). Gay men can be comfortable in their male bodies and exhibit no gender variant behaviors, just as ... ...dentity disorder: Treatment and post-transition care in transsexual adults. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 18, 147-150. Gibson, B. & Catlin, A. ( 2011). Care of the child with the desire to change gender: Part 1. Urologic Nursing,31, 222-229. Berk, L. (2010). Development through the lifespan. Allyn & Bacon: MA. Vasey, P. & Bartlett, N. (2007). What can the samoan fa’afafine teach us about the western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 481-490. Mintz, L.B., & O’Neil, M. (1990). Gender roles, sex, and the process of psychotherapy: Many questions and few answers. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 381-387. Newman, L.K. (2001). Sex, gender, and culture: Issues in the definition, assessment, and treatment of gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 352-359.

Capitalism and Freedom Book Review

Warren Bryan 3/5/12 Book Review: Capitalism & Freedom Author: Milton Friedman Milton Friedman’s Capitalism & Freedom is one of the most important books regarding economics of the 20th century. His thoughts laid the groundwork for the emerging modern conservative movement, which was an evolution of the 19th century beliefs surrounding liberalism.Friedman’s major themes of his most famous work consist of the roles of competitive capitalism, as well as the role that government should play in a society â€Å"dedicated to freedom and relying primarily on the market to organize economic activity. † The book touches on a multitude of other economic issues; however, his first two chapters regarding the major themes of the book are most relevant in today’s study of economics. Most of Friedman’s viewpoints I agree with in terms of promoting freedom and its necessity to promoting prosperity and growth.Friedman, however, lacks a certain level of clarity regardi ng the specificity of his definition of â€Å"economic freedom† and the other variants of â€Å"freedom. † Friedman argues that a free market economic policy is by definition part of freedom, or in his words, â€Å"†¦freedom in economic arrangement is itself a component of freedom broadly understood, so economic freedom is an end in itself. † This is one of his prime arguments supporting his claim that free market economic policies are critical for a free society.The implications surrounding this statement are that anyone who is against a free market economic policy is also against the American values of liberty and the liberal tradition, or as Friedman puts it, â€Å"Underlying most arguments against the free market is a lack of belief in freedom itself. † What he lacks in his explanation concerning the connection between freedom and economic freedom is his disregard to define the concept of freedom, whether concerning its origins, how it developed, or what it means specifically relative to all the different economic issues it applies to.For example he lists several present day scenarios that violate one’s economic freedom: having to pay 10% of income to social security, not being able to follow an occupation of your own choice without professional licensure, being forbidden to exchange certain items because of quotas that prevent such exchanges, being thrown in jail for setting prices lower than the manufacture specified (fair trade laws), and the farmer who cannot grow the amount he desires because of price supports.Under complete economic freedom, the government should not be able to tell us how or where to spend our money, dispose of our goods, or how we should labor because it’s in violation of our individual freedom, or our entitlement to property and labor, according to Friedman. Surely these are all characteristics of being free, however his explanation is certainly not the end all-be all. It is more rela tive to examine what is exactly entitled to the elements of freedom.A famous example comes from a Supreme Court Justice who said, â€Å"My freedom to move my fist must be limited by the proximity of your chin. † This coincides with John Locke’s paradoxical claim that one must give up certain rights to achieve freedom. An absolute interpretation of â€Å"freedom† is just not plausible because of the endless amounts of extenuating circumstances that would, and should, interfere with ones freedom. The very nature of society and law places these restrictions on absolute freedom because your actions are limited by the protection of another’s entitlements.Friedman acknowledges this impossibility and admits that there is still an important role for the government to make the rules and act as â€Å"umpire† toward them. He concludes on this thought stating, â€Å"What the market does is to reduce greatly the range of issues that must be decided through pol itical means, and thereby minimize the extent to which government need participate directly in the game. † Friedman more narrowly believed the government should intervene with â€Å"indivisible matters. † A problem with this claim regarding indivisible matters is he never clarifies what constitutes an indivisible matter.The example he gives is in relation to national defense, â€Å"I cannot get the amount of national defense I want and you a different amount. With respect to such indivisible matters we can discuss, argue, and vote. But having decided we must conform. † Thus, we shall let the government deal with indivisible matters where we must meet a consensus on basic things such as defense. How do we know that a flat tax, a tax reform mentioned by Friedman, counts as a matter that government should control whereas a tax for social security does not?The criteria must be explained for the difference between the two. Friedman believed that the market allows bett er proportional representation than the democratic process. â€Å"The market allows the voluntary exchange of goods between individuals without coercion. † â€Å"Exchange can therefore bring about co-ordination without coercion†¦no exchange will take place unless both parties do benefit from it. Cooperation is thereby achieved without coercion. † This implies that the free market system gives people what they want instead of what some group thinks they â€Å"ought to want. This is a basis for his belief in laissez-faire. Friedman believed that government intervention enforces conformity. Policies are implemented based on a majority vote, or at best a 2/3rd vote, thus imposing a view from the majority onto the minority. A valid point that Friedman fails to comprehend that government is necessary for exchange even to begin. What he fails to comprehend is that the market only exists by being founded on laws that the government has already defined.The perceived freed om of the market and tolerance of diversity is not the product of free markets, yet the benefit and consequence of agreements that makes the market possible to begin with. The possibility that people can exchange goods in the market place pre-supposed that there are contracts, notions of property, enforcement systems for violations and so on. The most crucial part in regards to what makes freedom possible in the market is directly related to the government, the very thing he believed enforced conformity.I argue that Friedman fails to recognize both types of freedoms, the first being the freedom to participate in the market but not the freedom in regards to the agreement undertaken to participate within the market in the first place, or the rules of the game. An analogy I found clarifies this concept. The analogy compares the games of checkers and chess. Chess has a more complex rule set than checkers does relative to the extent of moves allowable, however most people would probably choose to play chess for this very reason.Thus, a reduction in rules with the government doesn’t necessarily mean we are more economically free, but yet that we choose to â€Å"play† a different game. Surely I agree with Friedman that the more economic freedom the better, but it is ultimately the government’s job for how we settle the â€Å"rules of the game. † As Friedman’s book proves, as well as my arguments against some of his claims, it is very hard to establish a fine line between governments and markets. The degree of freedom will always be in question within a free society.However, there are many different degrees within these free markets and there can be multiple ways to draw the line between government and the market and still be classified as a â€Å"free market. † ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 4. [ 2 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 6 [ 3 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 9 [ 4 ].Howard Schwartz, â€Å"What Color Tie Do you Vote For? † Jan. 2007, 5 March 2012 [ 5 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 24 [ 6 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 33 [ 7 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 35 [ 8 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 35

Evaluating Compensation Strategies Essay

Within this business report, I have analyzed three different employee compensation strategies that I feel could be well executed within our organization. Employee compensation is key to recognizing and rewarding our employees for their performance and contributions to the overall company’s success. Because it is a signficiant factor, we need to carefully evaluate the three options in my report. Compensating our employees using the base salary approach is a well accepted strategy. This approach provides for a set salary that employees will earn based on their job coding. Factors such as merit or tenure will have no impact on someone’s base salary. This is a stable compensation strategy leveraged within similar organizations and an approach most employees feel comfortable with as it’s very cut and dry. The downside of using this approach is that there is little room for growth and salary increases and which can be de-motivating. Performance-based compensation is quite a popular and also another well accepted strategy. In this strategy, employees have direct control over how much they are paid. Having control really helps to motivate employees to work harder and achieve new financial goals and maximize their own income. Having an organization that is a high performing organization helps to make an organization more competitive. The downside of this approach is that you create a more competitive environment that may impact employee-to-employee relations. Lastly, I reviewed a longevity-based salary strategy. In this strategy, compensation is strictly based on an employee’s length of service, seniority or tenure. There are different ways this pay can be administered. Employees can get an annual bonuses based on their employment anniversary date or monthly bonus amounts added to their take-home pay that would reflect their length of service. This type of strategy encourages employees to remain loyal employees in an organization. The immediate downside to this approach is that employees aren’t motivated to achieve more or produce increased quality work since it’s more about time put in vs. quality. After reviewing the three strategies outlined above, I am recommending that we move forward and implement a performance-based compensation strategy for our employees. This strategy will create a workforce of highly motivated, performers that are excited and engaged to succeed. Employees will be excited to ramp up their income and their excitement and achievements will help support the company’s goal of increased profit. If our company has highly driven employees focused on producing quality work, the company will benefit in the short term and long term. Introduction The Human Resources department was asked to research possible compensation strategies for our manufacturing organization. I’ve created a report that shares my research and findings for three different compensation strategies: Performance-Based Compensation, Salary Compensation and Longevity Compensation. In my report, I have compared these strategies, pointing out where they are different including the pros and cons to each strategy in order to determine the best approach for the 120 total employees on our payroll. Compensation is a key factor that impacts employee satisfaction while also having a direct influence on how successful the overall organization can be. I’ve conducted thorough research on this topic so that the management team can have a more robust understanding of these three strategies and to decide on a strategy to implement. My research below will start with salary compensation which can easily be defined as a set monetary amount that an employee receives for the work that they do based on their specific job classification/coding only. I’ll follow that with performance-based compensation which pays and rewards employees based on their individual performance which allows for individual growth. Lastly I’ll provide research on longevity pay which focuses on additional pay or wage adjustments based solely on an employee’s length of service. It is crucial to understand each of these strategies and how they will impact our organization if they were to be implemented. Research Findings I’ve completed extensive research on various compensation strategies within similar types of organizations and have arrived at three specific strategies that our organization should consider adopting:  ·Salary Compensation  ·Performance-Based Compensation  ·Longevity-Based Compensation 1.Salary General salary compensation refers to an amount of money that you pay an employee for the work they do without consideration for quantity or quality of the work performed (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013). By law, employers must compensate employees for work that is completed. If an employee is compensated by a salary, employees are compensated differently from those that may have an hourly compensation rate. Employees that are hourly employees get paid based on a rate multiplied by the number of hours that they work. When they work over and above the amount of hours for the day/week, they receive extra, additional compensation (Grace, 2012). In contrast, a salary compensated employee gets paid the same salary, a fixed amount of money and is not impacted by the amount of hours an employee works. Salaried employees are not required to keep track of the hours they are working because they do not quality for nor are they paid for any overtime. They are expected to complete their work regardless of the amount of time it takes them. Employees who are paid a salary are given the expectations that they need to complete the entire job in order to earn their compensation. This compensation differs from both hourly paid employees or performance-based paid employees. Employees are able to really count on this compensation and a consistent pay strategy is important to retaining good employees (Ojimba, 2004). Analysis – Employees that are compensated through a salaried compensation strategy have a very stable compensation to rely on. There are no real surprises or swings in the amount of money an employee receives. Compensation is not impacted by the quality of the work produced or the quantity produced. Employees would have the opportunity to budget themselves or at least have a decent time predicting what type of income they can expect since it will always be the same without much changing from year to year. This strategy may allow for employees to develop the impression and mindset that they don’t have to do more or produce increased quality work. They could take away that what they are doing today is enough and not strive to help the company with increase sales or various other goals. 2.Performance-based A performance-based strategy is become a trend in today’s organizations and leveraged as a way to incent employees to strive to increase their production or improve the quality of their work. Why would an employee want to do that? Because they are financially incented to do so! All companies need to remain competitive and control internal costs and budgets. Performance-based compensation really partners with an organization to do just that. This type of strategy is really attractive because they are friendlier to corporate budgets than other methods of compensation. Pay increase are only given out at designated times during the year so budgeting in advance is easier, etc. If production and quality goals aren’t met, money goes back into the budget for the next possible review period (Fox Lawson & Associates, n.d.). Additionally, strategy helps to provide a win-win situation for both the company and the employees when properly administered and rolled out and the structure really can help to motivate employees to work harder and that benefits them and the company both. When developing this type of strategy, reasonable goals and performance incentives would need to be developed. In today’s environment it would be wise to tie pay to performance as a way to accelerate employee output. This approach is a very common way for organizations to increase productivity and influence potentially a more competitive environment with employees always striving to do more and therefore earn more. Performance-based compensation programs also help retain top performers, better align labor costs with productivity and reinforce the company’s objectives (Richter, 2002). You attract a different level of employee with this approach. For employees to be successful and feel happy in this type of structure though they need to have a desire for more pay, have confidence they will receive more pay if they improve or increase their individual performance and trust that the organization will administer the policy and compensation plan fairly across the board. Studies have consistently shown the recognition for a job well done is the top motivator of employee performance (Dorf, 2011). Analysis – Though research it is clear that this type of approach includes many benefits both to the employee and to the organization. Creating a more motivated workforce that is focused on a goal to provide quality production benefits everyone. If our employees can see that their performance directly impacts their personal bottom line they will become more focused, work harder and constantly push their peers to meet them at that level. Job security has to be considered here too – a company with this type of approach is more streamlined and efficient creating a more competitive organization and helping to protect and preserve the company and its reputation. 3.Longevity-based Longevity-based compensation is a compensation strategy that more mirrors a type of contract where the employer will pay the employee a compensation based on their length of service or seniority. In researching this approach, many companies offer many different types of strategy around this. Each organization up front provides a document or â€Å"contract† to the employee that outlines this system specific to their organization. These types of documents include things like the dollar amount to be paid or the percentage of increase based on years of service. Information is also included on the schedule of payment so that employees really know what to expect. Employees see this type of strategy as a way of paying for their loyalty as an employee – a way of giving them their due for sticking with them (wiseGEEK, n.d.). Typically with this approach the adjustment made is often in the form of a percentage of the employee’s annual salary or rate of pay. Based on why the amount is given it becomes clear that an employer is recognizing their time and loyalty to the overall organization. The real problem with this specific approach is that you essentially are awarding someone just for being on staff or holding down their position for yet another year (Agency Management Roundtable, 2012). Analysis – I think this type of compensation program may have made sense for employees that may be â€Å"Baby Boomers† as loyalty was crucial and something employees really set out to demonstrate, but not something that is realistic in today’s environment. While rewarding employees for their â€Å" time served† there is no real focus on the quality of their work during that time nor is there any reward for their contributions or added value.

The Causes of Commercial Bribery Crime

(1) From a historical point of view, in traditional Chinese culture, â€Å"human† is the social causes of commercial bribery. As everyone knows, China is a exquisite â€Å"courtesy demands reciprocity† state, courtesy demands reciprocity core is advocating â€Å"human intercourse†, in other words, Chinese person standards require that human relations between people..This traditional culture extends to business, evolved into â€Å"If you want to profit from the others, it is necessary to give people the appropriate return† business philosophy. This way, â€Å"If you want to earn more profits from the others, you should give greater reward† is taken for granted. (2) From the reality of power distribution situation, there has too much monopolistic industry in China, some of the management and the staff has too much power, which gives commercial bribery great road system laid the Foundation.Western economists had made the† Rent-seeking theory† to explain to the public rights advocates have with its control power for chip seek for their own economic interests phenomenon; According to the â€Å"power rent-seeking† theory, the power of the party will be looking for opportunities through the rent his power gain benefits, and possession of money but no dominant power a side is naturally will use their own money in exchange for power.There is no scientific and effective democratization and legalization power restriction mechanism premise, this inevitably appear using trading. (3) from actor inner point of view, the pursuit of maximization of interests huge internal power is the psychological causes of commercial bribery. The disadvantages is instinct. Each person can choose for their own works. In the business field, people tend to think hard to pursue the biggest profit.So, in this kind of mentality, because of the doer in order to obtain the biggest commercial interests, of course, will by hook or by crook – including the use of bribery and corruption means. (4) from the market the demand and supply of resources allocation to see, relation between supply and demand imbalance is the production of commercial bribery market economic conditions.Because the cause of the natural or man-made reasons, some material may be rare materials, will be in need greater than supply state; Some products and will appear supply is greater than demand state. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities in the process, in order to promote surplus commodities or buy shortage of goods, with excess goods party or need commodities in short supply party will by hook or by crook. Therefore, take commercial bribery seek market supply and demand balance of resource allocation is the unavoidable.